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" Determinants and dynamics of viral host jumps "
Juliet Rachel Crowder Pulliam
S. D. Levin, Andrew
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Latin Dissertation
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English
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| Record Number
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53909
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| Doc. No
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TL23863
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3255830
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| Main Entry
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Juliet Rachel Crowder Pulliam
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| Title & Author
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Determinants and dynamics of viral host jumps\ Juliet Rachel Crowder Pulliam
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| College
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Princeton University
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| Date
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2007
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| Degree
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Ph.D.
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2007
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| Page No
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114
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| Abstract
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Viral transmission between host species can harm public health, conservation efforts, and the global economy. I examine the determinants and dynamics of viral host jumps by identifying three steps required for viral emergence in a novel host species: encounter (contact between infectious virions and a potential new host species), infection (replication within an individual of a novel host species), and propagation (transmission between individuals of a novel host species). I first lay out a general framework for addressing the interaction of ecology and molecular biology that determines whether a host jump will occur. I then focus in turn on the determinants of infection once encounter has occurred and the dynamics of propagation following infection. I analyze the effect of three specific viral characteristics (site of replication, genome segmentation, and genomic material) on the ability of livestock viruses to infect human hosts. I find that (1) the ability to complete virion replication in the cytoplasm without nuclear entry facilitates viral host jumps, (2) genome segmentation has a non-significant but consistently positive effect on host-jump ability, and (3) having an RNA genome may facilitate host jumps though the effect is equivocal in the dataset used. I next address the dynamics of propagation within a novel host species. I describe a general phenomenon, epidemic enhancement, whereby repeated viral introduction into a novel host population can produce longer and larger epidemics than observed upon initial introduction. Finally, I show that epidemic enhancement drove Nipah virus emergence in domestic pig populations in Malaysia, which ultimately led to widespread human infection throughout the country. Overall, I have demonstrated that general principles and mechanisms do underlie cross-species viral transmission. As we continue to unravel the determinants and dynamics of viral host jumps, we will improve our ability to predict, prepare for, and respond to future threats.
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Health and environmental sciences; Biological sciences; Disease; Emerging viruses; Host jump; Viral host; Ecology; Public health; Virology; Epidemiology; 0720:Virology; 0573:Public health; 0329:Ecology; 0766:Epidemiology
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| Added Entry
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S. D. Levin, Andrew
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Princeton University
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