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" Peptide growth factors and their receptors i. "
Michael B Sporn
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BL
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727329
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b547061
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Michael B Sporn
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Peptide growth factors and their receptors i.\ Michael B Sporn
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| Publication Statement
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[Place of publication not identified]: Springer, 2014
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3642492959
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: 9783642492952
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Section A: Introduction.- 1 The Multifunctional Nature of Peptide Growth Factors.- A. Introduction.- B. Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Mechanisms of Action.- C. Range of Target Cells for Peptide Growth Factors.- D. Contextuality of Action.- E. Nuclear Transcription Factors are also Multifunctional.- F. Role of Extracellular Matrix in Mediating Interactions Between Cells.- G. Therapeutic Implications.- References.- 2 Isolation and Characterization of Growth Factors.- A. Introduction.- B. Insulin.- C. Nerve Growth Factor.- D. Epidermal Growth Factor.- E. Insulin-Like Growth Factors.- F. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor.- G. Fibroblast Growth Factors.- H. Transforming Growth Factors.- I. TGF-?.- II. TGF-?.- I. Interleukins.- J. Hemopoietic Growth Factors.- K. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Properties and Regulation of Receptors for Growth Factors.- A. Introduction.- B. Extracellular Domain Structures of Growth Factor Receptors.- C. Ligand Binding Regions of Extracellular Domains.- D. Extracellular Receptor Domains as Serum Receptors.- E. Multiple Ligand Binding Capabilities of Growth Factor Receptors.- F. Regulation of Cell Surface Ligand Binding.- G. Transmembrane Domains.- H. Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinase Domain Structures.- I. Regulation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases.- J. Cytoplasmic Domains Lacking Tyrosine Kinase Sequences.- K. Conclusions.- References.- Section B: Individual Growth Factors and Their Receptors.- 4 The Epidermal Growth Factor Family.- A. Introduction.- B. Structural Properties of the Growth Factors.- I. Amino Acid Sequences.- II. Related Sequences.- III. Physical Properties.- IV. High Resolution Structure.- 1. Polypeptide Backbone.- 2. Aromatic Clusters.- 3. TGF-? and EGF Comparisons.- 4. Hybrid Molecules.- V. Structure-Function Relationships.- 1. Site-Directed Mutagenesis.- 2. Growth Factor Fragments.- C. Precursor Molecules.- I. EGF.- II. TGF-?.- III. Pox Virus Growth Factors.- D. Growth Factor Genes.- I. Chromosomal Localization.- II. Gene Organization.- 1. Human EGF.- 2. Human TGF-?.- III. Gene Expression.- 1. EGF.- 2. TGF-?.- 3. Pox Virus Growth Factors.- E. The EGF Receptor.- I. Receptor Structure.- II. Receptor Gene.- 1. Chromosomal Localization.- 2. Gene Organization.- 3. Gene Expression.- III. Receptor Life Cycle.- 1. Biosynthesis.- 2. Endocytosis and Degradation.- IV. Receptor Function.- 1. Heterologous Receptor Expression.- 2. Mutants.- 3. Receptor Activation.- 4. Receptor Substrates.- 5. Activation of Gene Expression.- F. Physiology of the EGF Family.- I. EGF.- 1. Distribution in Fluids/Secretions.- 2. Biological Responses.- II. TGF-?.- III. Amphiregulin.- IV. Pox Virus Growth Factors.- G. Role in Transformation.- I. Growth Factor Studies.- 1. Correlative Information.- 2. Transfection Studies.- II. Receptor Studies.- 1. Correlative Information.- 2. Transfection Studies.- References.- 5 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor.- A. Introduction.- B. PDGF Molecules.- I. Multiple Forms and Amino Acid Sequence.- 1. Two Distinct but Homologous Chains Comprise PDGF.- 2. Structural Heterogeneity of PDGF.- 3. Structural Features of the PDGF Molecules.- 4. Structural Conservation of the PDGF Molecule.- II. Gene Structure of the A and B Chains of PDGF.- 1. Characteristics of the A-Chain Gene.- 2. Characteristics of the B-Chain Gene.- 3. Comparison of the A- and B-Chain Genes.- III. Expression and Secretion of PDGF by Normal Cells.- 1. PDGF is Expressed at Low or Undetectable Levels in Normal Cells.- 2. Inducible Expression and Secretion of PDGF.- IV. Expression and Secretion of PDGF in Transformed Cells.- V. Processing and Cellular Localization of PDGF Isoforms.- 1. Simian Sarcoma Virus-Transformed Cells.- 2. c-sis-Transformed Cells.- 3. PDGF A-Chain Transfectants.- 4. Cells Expressing Recombinant PDGF-AB Heterodimers.- 5. Transformed Cells.- 6. Normal Cells.- C. PDGF Receptors.- I. General Models of Receptor Structure and Properties.- 1. Old and New Models of the Structure of the PDGF Receptor.- II. Binding Properties of the PDGF Receptor.- 1. Practical or Technical Concerns.- 2. Receptor Specificity.- 3. Receptor Affinity and Number.- III. Cloning and Expression of Receptor cDNAs.- 1. The Receptor ?-Subunit cDNA.- 2. The Receptor ?-Subunit cDNA.- IV. The Receptor Subunit Genes.- V. Physical Characteristics of PDGF Receptor Proteins.- 1. Size of the PDGF Receptor Based on Affinity Crosslinking Studies.- 2. Size of the Mature Receptor Subunits Based on Metabolic Labeling Data.- 3. Isoelectric Point of Receptor Subunits.- VI. Biosynthesis and Turnover of Receptor Subunits.- 1. Predictions about ?-Subunit Biosynthesis Based on cDNA Sequence.- 2. Experimentally Determined Rates of Biosynthesis and Turnover of the ?-Subunit.- 3. Biosynthesis of the ?-Subunit.- VII. Purification of Receptor Proteins.- VIII. Activities of PDGF Receptors.- 1. Ligand-Induced Internalization.- 2. Ligand-Induced Receptor Autophosphorylation.- IX. Pattern of Expression of PDGF Receptors.- 1. Numbers of Receptors on Different Cell Types.- 2. Relative Levels of Expression of the Two Receptor Subunits in Different Cell Types.- X. Regulation of Expression or Properties of PDGF Receptors.- 1. Regulation of the Affinity of the PDGF Receptor.- 2. Acute Regulation of PDGF Receptor Expression.- 3. Regulation of PDGF Receptor Expression in Potential PDGF Autocrine Systems.- 4. Regulation of PDGF Receptor Expression During Embryogenesis, Development, and Wound Healing.- 5. Receptor Expression In Vivo.- D. In Vivo Clearance of PDGF and PDGF-Binding Proteins.- I. Rapid In Vivo Clearance of PDGF-AB.- II. PDGF-Binding Proteins.- E. Biochemical and Cellular Mechanism of Action.- I. Coordinate Control of Cell Proliferation by PDGF and Plasma Components.- II. Phospholipase Activation and Prostaglandin Metabolism.- III. Modulation of Ion Flux.- IV. Tyrosine Phosphorylation.- V. PDGF Induction of "Early Genes".- F. Biological Activity of PDGF in Vitro and In Vivo.- I. Direct and Indirect Effects of PDGF on Cell Growth In Vitro.- 1. Direct Mitogenic Response to PDGF.- 2. Indirect Effects of PDGF on Cell Growth.- II. Other In Vitro Activities of PDGF.- 1. Directed Cell Migration and Cell Activation in Response to PDGF.- 2. Modification of Cellular Matrix Constituents.- 3. Vasoconstriction.- III. PDGF In Vivo and Clinical Applications.- 1. Wound Repair.- 2. Embryogenesis and Development.- 3. Atherosclerosis.- 4. Neoplasia and Transformed Cells.- 5. Inflammatory Joint Disease.- 6. Fibrosis.- 7. Other Possible Disease Associations References.- References.- 6 Insulin-Like Growth Factors.- A. Overview.- B. Genes and Proteins.- I. IGF-I and IGF-II Proteins.- 1. IGF-I in Different Species.- 2. IGF-II Variant Proteins.- 3. Structure-Function Analysis of IGF-I.- II. Biosynthetic Precursors.- 1. IGF-II.- 2. IGF-I.- III. IGF-II Gene Expression.- 1. Multiple IGF-II RNA Transcripts from One Gene.- 2. Tissue and Developmental Expression.- 3. Hormonal Regulation.- 4. Tumors.- IV. IGF-I Gene Expression.- 1. Multiple IGF-I Transcripts from a Single Gene.- 2. Tissue and Developmental Expression.- 3. Regulation of IGF-I mRNA.- 4. Tumors.- C. Receptors.- I. Introduction.- II. IGF-I Receptor.- 1. Structure.- 2. Receptor Heterogeneity.- 3. Biosynthesis.- 4. Tyrosine Kinase Activity.- 5. Mediation of Biological Responses to IGF-I and IGF-II.- 6. Signaling.- III. IGF-II/Man-6-P Receptor.- 1. Identification of the IGF-II Receptor as the Cation-Independent Man-6-P Receptor.- 2. Receptor Size.- 3. Binding Affinity for IGF-I.- 4. Biosynthesis.- 5. Regulation.- 6. Signaling by the Receptor.- 7. The IGF-II/Man-6-P Receptor is Present in the Circulation.- 8. Developmental Expression of Tissue Receptor.- D. Binding Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. Assays for IGF Binding Proteins.- 1. Binding of 125I-Labeled IGFs.- 2. Affinity Crosslinking and SDS Gel Electrophoresis.- 3. Radioimmunoassay.- 4. SDS Gel Electrophoresis and Electroblotting.- 5. Hybridization.- 6. Nomenclature.- 7.
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Differentiation from IGF-II/Man-6-P Receptors.- III. Purification of Binding Protein Components and Development of Radioimmunoassays.- 1. GH-Dependent Binding Proteins.- 2. Non-GH-Dependent Binding Proteins.- IV. Cloning and Expression of IGF Binding Proteins.- 1. Human BP-25.- 2. Rat BP-3A.- 3. Human BP-53.- 4. Relationship Among the Three Cloned IGF Binding Proteins.- V. Regulation of Individual IGF Binding Proteins in Serum.- 1. Human.- 2. Rat BP-3A.- 3. Pig BP-53.- VI. Fragments of IGF Binding Proteins that Bind IGFs.- 1. BP-53.- 2. BP-25.- 3. BP-3A.- 4. Identification of a Possible Binding Domain.- VII. Binding Specificity of IGF Binding Proteins.- VIII. Occurrence and Distribution of IGF Binding Proteins.- 1. Biological Fluids.- 2. Tissues.- 3. Cells.- 4. Clinical States.- IX. Role of IGF Binding Proteins.- 1. In Vivo.- 2. In Vitro.- X. Sites on IGF-I Recognized by IGF Binding Proteins.- 1. Two-Chain Insulin-IGF-I Hybrid Molecules.- 2. Truncated Destri-IGF-I.- 3. Site-Directed Mutagenesis.- E. Biological Role and Clinical Implications.- I. Diverse Biological Roles.- II. In Vivo Actions: IGF-I.- III. In Vivo Actions: IGF-II.- IV. Conclusion.- References.- 7 Fibroblast Growth Factors.- A. Introduction.- B. Isolation and Characterization of Acidic and Basic FGFs.- I. Amino Acid Sequences of Acidic and Basic FGFs.- II. Microheterogeneous Forms of Acidic and Basic FGFs.- III. An FGF Family of Related Growth Factors.- IV. Molecular Biology of FGFs.- V. Homologies Between Species.- C. Biosynthesis of FGFs.- I. Biosynthesis of Acidic FGF.- II. Biosynthesis of Basic FGF.- D. Distribution of FGFs in Tissues and Cells.- I. FGF-Like Growth Factors and Their Identity with FGF.- II. FGFs in Serum and Physiological Fluids.- E. Mechanism of Action of FGFs.- I. Target Cells.- II. The FGF Receptor.- III. Signal Transduction.- IV. Cellular Responses to FGFs.- F. Structure-Activity Relationships.- I. Receptor, Heparin, and Copper Binding Domains.- II. Interactions with Heparin.- III. Glycosylation.- IV. Phosphorylation of FGFs.- G. Secretion and Regulation of FGFs.- I. Secretion of Basic and Acidic FGFs.- II. Regulation of FGFs in the Local Environment.- H. Biological Activities of FGF.- I. FGFs as Angiogenic Factors.- 1. Angiogenesis and Reproduction.- 2. Angiogenesis and the Ischemic Response.- 3. Tumor Angiogenesis.- 4. Cell Biology of Angiogenesis.- II. FGFs in Wound Healing and Tissue Repair.- III. Tissue Regeneration.- IV. Embryonic Development and Differentiation.- V. Modulation of Endocrine Function.- VI. FGFs as Neuronotrophic Factors.- VII. FGFs and Diseases of Cell Proliferation.- VIII. Conclusions.- References.- 8 The Transforming Growth Factor-?s.- A. Introduction.- B. Chemistry and Molecular Biology of TGF-?.- I. Bioassays for TGF-?.- II. Multiple Forms of TGF-?.- 1. TGF-?s 1 and 2.- 2. Novel TGF-?s Predicted from cDNA Clones.- 3. Functions of Multiple Forms of TGF-?.- 4. Conservation of TGF-?s in Different Species.- III. The TGF-?1 Gene.- 1. Alternate Splicing of the TGF-?1 Gene.- 2. Characterization of the Promoter for the Human TGF-?1 Gene.- C. The TGF-? Supergene Family.- D. TGF-? Receptors.- E. Antibodies to TGF-?.- I. Antibodies that Block Biological Activity.- II. Antibodies Used in Immunohistochemical Localization of TGF-?.- F. Latent Forms of TGF-?.- G. Biological Activity of the TGF-?s.- I. Multifunctional Nature of TGF-? Action.- II. Activity of TGF-? on Specialized Cells and Tissues.- 1. Mesenchyme: Control of Extracellular Matrix.- 2. Muscle.- 3. Skeleton.- 4. Immune Cells and Hematopoiesis.- 5. Steroidogenic Cells - Ovary, Testis, Adrenal.- 6. Endothelium.- 7. Liver.- 8. Other Epithelia.- III. The Role of TGF-? in Embryogenesis.- H. Biochemical Mechanisms of Action.- I. Receptor Signaling.- II. Transcriptional Activation of Genes by TGF-?.- III. TGF-? as a Potential Mediator of the Action of Retinoids and Steroids.- J. Clinical Relevance of TGF-? in Healing and Disease.- I. The Role of TGF-? in Repair Processes.- II. The Role of TGF-? in Carcinogenesis and Other Proliferative Diseases.- III. Therapeutic Opportunities.- References.- 9 Interleukin-1.- A. Introduction.- I. Cells Producing IL-1.- II. Stimuli Capable of Releasing IL-1.- III. Control of IL-1 Production In Vivo.- B. Molecular Biology of IL-1? and IL-1?.- I. Transcripts and Primary Amino Acid Sequences.- II. Precursor-Product Relationships.- III. Recombinant IL-1 Molecules and Mutants.- IV. IL-1 Peptides.- V. Structural Studies.- C. Gene Structure of IL-1? and IL-1?.- I. Intron-Exon Organization.- II. Genomic Regulatory Elements.- III. Transcriptional Regulation.- D. Cell Biology of IL-1 Secretion.- I. Cellular Physiology.- II. Molecular Biological Studies.- III. Membrane IL-1.- E. IL-1 Receptors.- I. Binding Studies.- II. Cell Biology.- III. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.- F. Inhibitors and Antagonists of IL-1.- I. Inhibitors.- II. Antagonists.- G. Biochemical Mode of Action.- I. Ion Fluxes.- II. Kinases.- III. Phospholipases.- IV. Transcriptional Effects.- V. Expression of Protooncogenes.- H. Biological Properties.- I. Generalizations.- II. Growth Promoting Activity: IL-1 is a Comitogen.- III. Role of IL-1 in Various Organ Systems.- 1 Immune System.- 2. Hematopoietic System.- 3. Host Defense System.- 4. Cardiovascular-Vascular Endothelial System.- 5. Pulmonary System.- 6. Connective Tissue System, Cartilage, and Bone.- 7. Renal System.- 8. Endocrine System.- 9. Gastrointestinal-Hepatic System.- 10. Dermatologic System.- 11. Nervous System.- I. Potential Therapeutic Utility of IL-1.- J. Conclusions.- References.- 10 Interleukin-2.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure of Human and Mouse IL-2.- C. Structure and Regulation of the IL-2 Gene.- D. The IL-2 Receptor.- E. Regulation of IL-2 Receptor Gene Expression.- F. Involvement of a Common Regulatory Factor and IL-2R? Gene Expression.- G. Intracellular Signal Transduction in the IL-2 System.- H. Dysregulation of the IL-2 System.- I. The IL-2 System and Therapeutic Implications.- J. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 11 Interleukin-3.- A. Introduction.- B. IL-3 Protein Structure.- C. IL-3 Gene Chromosomal Location and Structure.- D. Regulation of IL-3 Production.- E. Origins and Properties of Hematopoietic Growth Factor-Dependent Cells.- F. Structure of the IL-3 Receptor.- G. Biochemical Mechanisms in IL-3 Signal Transduction.- H. Gene Regulation by IL-3.- I. Biological Properties of IL-3 In Vitro and In Vivo.- J. Transformation of IL-3 Lineage Cells.- K. Summary.- References.- 12 Interleukin-4.- A. Introduction.- B. Molecular Cloning of IL-4 cDNA.- I. Multiple Biological Activities Produced by Activated Mouse T-Cell Clones.- II. Isolation of IL-4 cDNA Clones.- III. Structure of IL-4 cDNA Clones and Proteins.- IV. Structure of Chromosomal Genes Encoding Mouse and Human IL-4.- 1. Structure of Mouse and Human IL-4 Genes and Chromosomal Location of Human IL-4 Gene.- 2. Nucleotide Sequence of the Human IL-4 Gene.- 3. Comparison of 5? Flanking Sequences of Mouse and Human IL-4 Genes with Other Lymphokine Genes.- V. Expression of IL-4 mRNA.- C. Biological Activity of IL-4.- I. Discovery and Characterization of the B-Cell Activation Properties of IL-4.- II. T-Cell Growth Factor Activity of IL-4.- 1. Activity on Mature T Cells.- 2. Activity on Thymocytes.- III. Biological Activity on B Cells.- IV. Relationship of IL-4 Effects with IFN-? Effects.- V. Effect of IL-5 on IL-4-Dependent IgE Synthesis.- VI. Effects on Mast Cells.- VII. Effects on Macrophages.- VIII. Effects on Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells.- IX. Other Effects of IL-4.- 1. Induction of Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cell Activity.- 2. Effects on Other Cell Lineages.- D. The IL-4 Receptor.- I. The Murine IL-4 Receptor.- II. The Human IL-4 Receptor.- III. Signaling Events Mediated by IL-4.- E. Concluding Remarks.- I. Dichotomy Between TH1 and TH2 Cells.- II. Effects of IL-4 on B Cells.- III. Effects on Other Cell Types.- IV. Conclusions.- References.- 13 Interleukin-5.- A.
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Introduction.- B. Historical Background of IL-5.- C. Structure of IL-5 and Its Gene.- I. Cloning of IL-5 cDNA.- 1. SP6 Expression Vector System.- 2. Construction of cDNA Libraries.- 3. Structures of the IL-5 cDNA Clone.- II. Polypeptide Structures of IL-5.- 1. Murine IL-5.- 2. Human IL-5.- III. Structure and Organization of the IL-5 Gene.- 1. Structure of the IL-5 Gene.- 2. Chromosomal Location of the IL-5 Gene.- 3. Expression of IL-5 mRNA in Mouse T Cells.- D. Functional Properties of IL-5.- I. Activities on B Cells.- 1. Roles in B-Cell Response to Antigens.- 2. Induction of IgA Secretion.- 3. Stimulation of B-Cell Growth.- 4. Induction of IL-2 Receptors.- II. Activities on Other Hematopoietic Cells.- 1. Eosinophil Colony Stimulating Factor Activity.- 2. Effects on T Cells.- E. Receptors for IL-5.- I. Binding Assay by Radiolabeled IL-5.- II. Number and Affinity of the IL-5 Receptors.- III. Affinity Crosslinking of Radiolabeled IL-5 with Its Receptor.- F. Summary.- References.- 14 Interleukin-6.- A. Introduction.- B. Historical Overview.- I. B-Cell Stimulatory Factor 2.- II. Hybridoma/Plasmacytoma Growth Factor.- III. IFN-?2 and 26-kDa Protein.- C. Structure of IL-6.- D. Gene Structure and Expression of IL-6.- I. Structure of the IL-6 Gene.- II. Chromosomal Location of the IL-6 Gene and Polymorphism.- III. Regulation of Expression of the IL-6 Gene.- 1. IL-6-Producing Cells.- 2. Stimuli Inducing IL-6 Production.- 3. Mechanisms Regulating IL-6 Gene Expression.- E. Structure and Expression of the IL-6 Receptor.- I. Presence of High- and Low-Affinity Receptors.- II. Structure of the IL-6 Receptor.- F. Biological Activities of IL-6.- I. Lymphoid Tissue.- 1. Effects on B-Lineage Cells.- 2. Effects on T Cells.- II. Hematopoietic Progenitors.- III. Acute Phase Responses.- IV. Neural Cells.- V. Antiviral Activity.- G. Plasma Clearance and Carrier Proteins.- H. IL-6 and Disease.- I. Polyclonal B-Cell Activation and Autoimmune Disease.- II. Lymphoid Malignancies.- 1. Plasmacytoma/Myeloma.- 2. Lennert's T-Cell Lymphoma.- III. Proliferative Glomerulonephritis.- J. Prospects.- References.- 15 Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 (Macrophage Colony-Stimulating-Factor).- A. Colony-Stimulating Factor 1, a Mononuclear Phagocyte Growth Factor.- B. Assay and Purification of CSF-1.- I. Bioassay and Purification.- II. Radioimmunoassay and Radioreceptor Assay.- C. Molecular Cloning and Predicted Primary Structure of CSF-1.- I. Initial Cloning Strategy.- II. Primary Structure of Human and Murine CSF-1.- D. Mechanisms of CSF-1 Posttranslational Processing and Secretion.- I. Processing of CSF-1224.- II. Processing of CSF-1522.- E. Chromosomal Localization and Organization of the Human CSF-1 Gene.- I. Linkage of CSF-1 and Its Receptor on Human Chromosome 5.- II. Exon-Intron Structure and Alternative Splicing.- F. CSF-1 Gene Expression.- G. The CSF-1 Receptor (c-fms Protooncogene Product).- I. Tissue-Specific Expression.- II. Primary Structure of CSF-1R and the v-fms Oncogene Product.- III. Transforming Potential of Human CSF-1R.- IV. Binding Affinity of CSF-1R for Ligand.- V. Receptor Downregulation and Turnover.- H. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity and Signal Transduction.- J. Physiologic Effects and Agents That Modulate CSF-1 Activity.- I. Direct and Synergistic Effects.- II. CSF-1 Antagonists.- K. Clinical Implications.- References.- 16 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor.- A. Introduction.- B. Purification of Natural G-CSF.- I. Purification of Mouse G-CSF.- II. Purification of Human G-CSF.- C. Primary Structure of G-CSF.- I. Isolation and Characterization of Human G-CSF cDNA.- II. Isolation and Characterization of Murine G-CSF cDNA.- D. Chromosomal Gene Structure for G-CSF.- I. Location of the G-CSF Gene on Human and Mouse Chromosomes.- II. Structure of the G-CSF Chromosomal Gene.- 1. Structure of the Human G-CSF Chromosomal Gene.- 2. Structure of the Mouse G-CSF Chromosomal Gene.- 3. Promoter of the G-CSF Chromosomal Gene.- E. Expression of the G-CSF Gene.- I. Inducible Expression of the G-CSF Gene.- II. Constitutive Expression of the G-CSF Gene in Carcinoma Cells.- F. Production of Recombinant G-CSF.- G. Function of G-CSF.- I. In Vitro Function of G-CSF.- II. Receptor for G-CSF.- III. In Vivo Function of G-CSF.- IV. Clinical Application of G-CSF.- References.- 17 Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor.- A. Introduction.- B. Discovery and Nomenclature.- C. Biology.- D. Biochemistry.- E. Pharmacological Studies.- F. GM-CSF and Leukemia.- G. Clinical Studies with GM-CSF.- References.- 18 Erythropoietin: The Primary Regulator of Red Cell Formation.- A. Introduction.- B. Chemistry.- C. Molecular Biology.- I. Cloning and Analysis of the Erythropoietin Gene.- II. Chromosomal Localization of the Erythropoietin Gene and Its Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.- III. Expression of the Erythropoietin Gene.- IV. Studies of Erythropoietin Gene Expression in Transformed Cells.- D. Specific Erythropoietin Receptors.- E. Mode of Action.- F. Clinical Aspects.- References.- Appendix A. Alternate Names for Growth Factors.- Appendix B. Chromosomal Locations of Growth Factors/Growth Factor Receptors.
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QP905.M534 2014
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Michael B Sporn
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