|
" Cerebral ischemia. "
Ronald G Schmid
| Document Type
|
:
|
BL
|
| Record Number
|
:
|
738373
|
| Doc. No
|
:
|
b558281
|
| Main Entry
|
:
|
Ronald G Schmid
|
| Title & Author
|
:
|
Cerebral ischemia.\ Ronald G Schmid
|
| Publication Statement
|
:
|
[Place of publication not identified]: Springer, 2012
|
| Page. NO
|
:
|
pages
|
| ISBN
|
:
|
364275550X
|
|
|
:
|
: 9783642755507
|
| Contents
|
:
|
1 Applied Anatomy of the Cerebral Arteries.- 1.1 Extracranial Anatomy.- 1.2 Intracranial Anatomy.- 1.2.1 Carotid, Middle, and Anterior Cerebral Territory.- 1.2.2 Vertebrobasilar and Posterior Cerebral Territory.- 1.3 Collaterals and Anastomoses.- 1.4 Arterial Anatomy and Infarct Types.- References.- 2 Pathophysiology of Cerebral Ischemia.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 General Aspects of Brain Cell Metabolism.- 2.2.1 Significance of Calcium.- 2.3 Regulation of Cerebral Circulation.- 2.3.1 Cerebral Perfusion Pressure and Vascular Resistance.- 2.3.2 Autoregulation.- 2.3.3 Functional Regulation.- 2.3.3.1 Blood Gas Influences.- 2.3.3.2 Ionic Influences.- 2.3.3.3 Other Possible Regulatory Principles.- 2.4 Cerebral Ischemia.- 2.4.1 Ischemic Thresholds and the Penumbra.- 2.4.2 The Course of an Ischemic Lesion.- 2.5 Ischemic Cerebral Edema.- References.- 3 Epidemiology and Classification of Strokes.- 3.1 Epidemiology.- 3.1.1 Definitions.- 3.1.2 Descriptive Epidemiology.- 3.1.2.1 Prevalence.- 3.1.2.2 Mortality and Incidence.- 3.1.3 Risk Factors.- 3.1.4 Course and Prognosis.- 3.1.4.1 Asymptomatic Extracranial Vascular Processes.- 3.2 Definitions and Classification of Strokes.- 3.2.1 Ischemia or Hemorrhage?.- 3.2.2 Classification of Ischemia.- 3.2.2.1 Classification by Temporal Course.- 3.2.2.2 Classification by Vascular Territories.- 3.2.2.3 Further Approaches to Classification.- 3.2.3 A Suggested Pathogenetic Classification of Infarcts Based on CT and Angiographic Findings.- References.- 4 Clinical Syndromes, Pathogenesis, and Differential Diagnosis.- 4.1 Symptoms and Syndromes-Temporal and Topical Aspects.- 4.1.1 Carotid Artery Territory.- 4.1.1.1 Carotid Artery.- 4.1.1.2 Branches from the Carotid Siphon.- 4.1.1.3 Middle Cerebral Artery.- 4.1.1.4 Anterior Cerebral Artery.- 4.1.1.5 Extraterritorial Zones.- 4.1.2 Vertebrobasilar Territory.- 4.1.2.1 Branches Adjacent to the Aortic Arch and Extracranial Vertebral Artery.- 4.1.2.2 Intracranial Vertebral Artery and Cerebellar Arteries.- 4.1.2.3 Basilar Artery and Branches.- 4.1.2.4 Penetrating End-Arteries.- 4.1.2.5 Posterior Cerebral Artery.- 4.2 Pathogenetic Aspects.- 4.2.1 Arteriosclerosis.- 4.2.2 Arterial Dissection.- 4.2.3 Fibromuscular Dysplasia.- 4.2.4 Arteritis.- 4.2.5 Dilational Arteriopathy.- 4.2.6 Nonarteriosclerotic Vasculopathies.- 4.2.7 Drugs and Alcohol.- 4.2.8 Other, Rare Causes.- 4.3 Special Types.- 4.3.1 Asymptomatic Vascular Processes.- 4.3.2 Multi-infarct Syndromes.- 4.3.2.1 Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy.- 4.3.2.2 Multi-infarct Dementia.- 4.3.2.3 Corresponding Bihemispheric Lesions.- 4.3.2.4 Secondary Hemorrhagic Transformation.- 4.4 Differential Diagnosis.- 4.5 Thrombosis of Cerebral Venous Sinuses.- References.- 5 Diagnosis.- 5.1 History and Clinical Findings.- 5.1.1 General Impressions and General Findings.- 5.1.2 Neurologic History and Examination Findings.- 5.1.3 Neuropsychological Symptoms.- 5.1.3.1 Aphasias.- 5.1.3.2 Apraxias.- 5.1.3.3 Anosognosia and Neglect.- 5.1.4 Vascular Diagnosis.- 5.1.5 Cardiologic Diagnosis.- 5.1.6 Laboratory Diagnosis.- 5.2 Ultrasound Diagnosis.- 5.2.1 Continuous and Pulsed Doppler Techniques.- 5.2.1.1 Indirect Methods.- 5.2.1.2 Direct Methods.- 5.2.2 B-Mode Ultrasound, Duplex System Analysis, and Color-Coded Doppler Flow Imaging.- 5.2.3 Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound.- 5.3 Computer-Assisted Imaging Techniques.- 5.3.1 Cranial Computed Tomography.- 5.3.1.1 Temporal Development of CT Findings.- 5.3.1.2 Macroangiopathies.- 5.3.1.3 Microangiopathies.- 5.3.1.4 CT Findings in the Vertebrobasilar Territory.- 5.3.1.5 Technical Limitations and Fogged Images.- 5.3.1.6 Secondary Hemorrhagic Infarcts.- 5.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 5.3.3 Other Imaging Techniques (PET, SPECT).- 5.4 Electrophysiologic Investigations.- 5.4.1 Electroencephalography.- 5.4.2 Evoked Potentials.- 5.4.2.1 Visual Evoked Potentials.- 5.4.2.2 Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials.- 5.4.2.3 Somatosensory Evoked Potentials.- 5.4.3 Topographic EEG Analysis ("Brain Mapping").- 5.4.4 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.- 5.5 Cerebral Angiography.- 5.5.1 Indications for Angiography.- 5.5.2 Technique of Angiography.- 5.5.3 Illustrative Angiographic Findings.- 5.5.4 Interventional Neuroradiology.- 5.5.4.1 Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty.- 5.5.4.2 Local Fibrinolytic Therapy.- References.- 6 Treatment and Prophylaxis.- 6.1 General Treatment.- 6.1.1 Associated Systemic Diseases.- 6.1.2 Airways, Oxygenation, and Pulmonary Function.- 6.1.3 Heart.- 6.1.4 Hypertension.- 6.1.5 Diabetes Mellitus.- 6.1.6 Water and Electrolyte Balance.- 6.1.7 Other Measures.- 6.1.8 General Care.- 6.2 Special Treatment in the Acute Phase.- 6.2.1 Preliminary Remarks on the Treatment of Ischemic Cerebral Infarcts.- 6.2.2 Drugs to Improve Perfusion of Ischemic Brain Tissue.- 6.2.2.1 Measures to Improve the Rheologie Properties of the Blood.- 6.2.2.2 Vasopressor Drugs.- 6.2.2.3 Vasodilators.- 6.2.2.4 Aminophylline.- 6.2.2.5 Prostacyclin.- 6.2.3 Drugs to Affect the Blood Clotting Mechanism.- 6.2.3.1 Anticoagulants.- 6.2.3.2 Thrombolytics.- 6.2.4 Drugs to Protect Ischemic Brain Tissue.- 6.2.4.1 Barbiturates.- 6.2.4.2 Calcium Antagonists.- 6.2.4.3 Other Therapeutic Approaches.- 6.2.5 Drug Treatment of Ischemic Cerebral Edema.- 6.2.5.1 Corticoids.- 6.2.5.2 Hyperosmolar Substances.- 6.2.6 Treatment of Inflammatory Cerebral Vascular Processes.- 6.2.6.1 Treatment of Immunovasculitis.- 6.2.6.2 Treatment of Specific Infective Vasculitis.- 6.3 Prophylaxis of Cerebral Ischemia.- 6.3.1 Drug Prophylaxis.- 6.3.1.1 Platelet-Aggregation Inhibitors.- 6.3.1.2 Anticoagulants.- 6.3.2 Prophylactic Surgical Therapy.- 6.3.2.1 Carotid Endarterectomy.- 6.3.2.2 EC-IC Bypass Operation.- 6.3.2.3 Surgical Treatment of Space-Occupying Cerebellar Infarcts.- 6.3.2.4 Other Surgical Procedures.- 6.4 Rehabilitation in Cerebrovascular Diseases.- 6.4.1 Planning of Neurologic Rehabilitation.- 6.4.2 Choice and Planning of Treatment.- 6.4.3 Efficiency Monitoring and Predictive Factors for Results of Treatment.- 6.4.4 New Techniques in Neurologic Rehabilitation.- References.
|
| Added Entry
|
:
|
Ronald G Schmid
|
| |