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" Physiological Ecology of the Alpine Timberline : "
W D Billings
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BL
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| Record Number
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752528
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b572487
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| Main Entry
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W D Billings
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| Title & Author
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Physiological Ecology of the Alpine Timberline : : Tree Existence at High Altitudes with Special Reference to the European Alps.\ W D Billings
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| Publication Statement
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Berlin/Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1979
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| Page. NO
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(143 pages)
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| ISBN
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3642671071
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: 9783642671074
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| Contents
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General Features of the Upper Timberline.- Reasons for Occurrence of Timberlines and Their Experimental Investigation.- Some Milestones in the History of Ecophysiological Research Concerning Alpine Timberline.- 1. Natural Regeneration of Tree Stands at Timberline.- 1.1 Seed Production. Frequency of Seed Years, Quantity, and Quality of Seed.- 1.2 Dispersal of Seed.- 1.3 Maturation of Seed.- 1.4 Germination.- 1.5 Vegetative Propagation.- 2. Growth of Trees at Timberline.- 2.1 Height Growth.- 2.2 Growth of Leaves.- 2.3 Diameter Growth.- 2.4 Root Growth and Mycorrhizae.- 3. Dry Matter Production of Trees at Timberline.- 3.1 Photosynthesis.- 3.1.1 Dependence of Photosynthesis on External Factors and Their Significance for CO2-uptake of Trees at Timberline.- 3.1.1.1 Light.- 3.1.1.2 Temperature.- 3.1.1.3 Wind.- 3.1.1.4 CO2-Content of the Atmosphere.- 3.1.1.5 Soil Temperature.- 3.1.1.6 Atmospheric and Soil Moisture.- 3.1.2 Annual Course of Net Photosynthesis of Trees at Timberline.- 3.1.2.1 Seedlings of Pinus cembra Covered by Winter Snow.- 3.1.2.2 Trees of Pinus cembra Exposed Above the Winter Snow-Pack.- 3.1.2.3 Larix decidua.- 3.1.2.4 Other Published Investigations.- 3.1.3 Photosynthesis with Respect to Altitude.- 3.2 Dark Respiration with Respect to Altitude and Timberline.- 3.3 Carbon Balance of Trees at Timberline.- 3.3.1 Dark Respiration.- 3.3.2 Winter Respiration.- 3.3.3 Root Respiration.- 3.3.4 Stem Respiration.- 3.4 Net Carbon Gain and Biomass Increment at Elevations up to Timberline.- 3.4.1 Reduction in Dry Matter Production from Valley Floor to Timberline.- 3.4.2 Primary Production of Trees in the Timberline Ecotone.- 3.5 Primary Production and Nitrogen Nutrition.- 4. Water Relations of Trees at Timberline.- 4.1 Water Relations in Summer.- 4.1.1 Precipitation and Soil Moisture.- 4.1.2 Evaporation.- 4.1.3 Transpiration of Trees.- 4.1.4 Water Balance in Trees.- 4.2 Water Relations in Winter.- 5. Climatic Resistance and Damage of Trees at Timberline.- 5.1 Frost Damage.- 5.2 Ultraviolet and High Intensity Radiation Damage.- 5.3 Heat Damage.- 5.4 Mechanical Damage.- 5.4.1 Wind.- 5.4.2 Snow.- 5.5 Winter Desiccation or "Frost-drought" Damage.- 5.5.1 Progression of Desiccation.- 5.5.2 Causes of Desiccation Damage.- 5.5.3 Experimental Evidence for the Michaelis Hypothesis.- 5.5.4 An Analysis of Dynamic Processes at Timberline.- 6. Synopsis.- 6.1 Carbon Budget.- 6.2 The Course of Developmental Phases.- 6.3 Climatic Resistance.- References.- Taxonomic Index.
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F Golley
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O L Lange
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W D Billings
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