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" Angiotensin "
editors: Irvine H. Page and F. Merlin Bumpus
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BL
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778001
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b598010
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editors: Irvine H. Page and F. Merlin Bumpus
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Angiotensin\ editors: Irvine H. Page and F. Merlin Bumpus
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| Publication Statement
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Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1974
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| Series Statement
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Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie, 37; Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 37
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591 sider
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3540062769
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: 9783540062769
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Opstillet samlet under: Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie
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| Contents
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The Biological Production of Angiotensin.- Renin Substrate.- Assay.- Distribution.- Formation.- Factors Affecting Plasma Levels.- Purification and Properties of Hog Substrate.- Structure of the Tetradecapeptide Substrate.- Human Substrate.- Substrate from Other Species.- Other Sources of Angiotensin.- Renin.- Distribution.- Purification and Properties of Animal Renins.- Purification and Properties of Human Renin.- Pseudorenin.- Modified Renin.- Modifiers of the Renin Reaction.- Conclusion.- References.- The Fate of Angiotensin I.- Methods for Measuring Conversion.- Conversion of Angiotensin I in Plasma and Blood.- Conversion of Angiotensin I in Tissues.- a) Lung.- b) Peripheral Vascular Beds.- 1. Hindquarters.- 2. Intestine.- 3. Adrenal Gland.- 4. Kidney.- Intra-Renal Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System.- Summary.- References.- Converting Enzyme in Yitro Measurement and Properties.- Assay Methods.- 1. Methods Using Angiotensin I as Substrate.- a) Biological Methods.- b) Physicochemical Methods for Assay of CE.- c) Discussion.- 2. Methods Using Short Substrates.- a) Physicochemical Methods.- b) Discussion.- 3. Summary of Assay Methods.- Sources of Converting Enzyme.- 1. Blood.- 2. Lung.- 3. Other Tissues.- Methods of Preparation.- 1. Blood.- 2. Lung.- Properties of Converting Enzymes.- 1. Molecular Weight.- 2. Temperature and pH Stability.- 3. pH-Dependence of Activity.- 4. Substrate Specificity.- 5. Effect of Anions.- 6. Effect of Cations.- 7. Inhibitors.- a) Non-Peptide Inhibitors.- b) Peptide Inhibitors.- 8. General Comparison of CE Activities.- 9. Converting Enzyme and Bradykininase.- Atypical Converting Enzyme.- 1. Bacterial Enzymes.- 2. Mammalian Enzymes.- Pathological Factors Affecting Converting-Enzyme Activity in Vitro.- 1. Liver Damage.- 2. Hypertension.- References.- The Fate of Angiotensin II.- I. Introduction.- II. Technical Aspects.- A. The Problem of Lower Homologs.- B. The Problem of Labelled Analogs.- 1. Specific Activity.- 2. Random Tritiation.- 3. Labelling During Synthesis.- 4. Labelling by Catalytic Hydrogenation.- C. Strategies for Identifying Metabolites.- III. Mechanisms by Which Angiotensin II is Removed from the Circulation.- A. Binding at Sites of Action.- B. Enzymic Degradation.- 1. Enzymes of Blood.- 2. Angiotensinase Enzymes of Disrupted Solid Tissues.- 3. Angiotensinase Enzymes in Various Vascular Beds.- C. Elimination by Binding.- D. Elimination by Synthetic Reactions.- E. Cellular Uptake and Transfer to Extracellular Spaces.- References.- Catabolism of Angiotensin II.- Catabolism of Angiotensin II.- Nature of Angiotensinases.- Angiotensinases in Plasma, Serum, and Blood.- Kidney Angiotensinases.- Liver Angiotensinases.- Lung Angiotensinases.- Cardiac Angiotensinases.- Hind Quarter Angiotensinases.- Changes in Angiotensinase Acticity in Various States.- Changes in Plasma and Serum.- Effects of Changes in Sodium Balance and Other Conditions on Angiotensin-II Catabolism.- Angiotensinase Assays.- Summary.- References.- Structure-Activity Relationship in Angiotensin II Analogs.- Pressor and Myotropic Response.- Synthesis of Analogs of Angiotensin II as Specific Antagonists of the Parent Hormone.- Conformation of Angiotensin II.- References.- Antagonists of Angiotensin II.- I. Antagonists Blocking the Indirect Actions.- II. Drugs Which Antagonize Direct Effects of Angiotensin.- A. Physiologic (Indirect) Antagonists.- B. Direct Pharmacological Antagonists of Angiotensin.- 1. Non-Competitive Antagonists.- 2. Competitive Antagonists of Angiotensin.- Summary.- References.- Tachyphylaxis to Angiotensin.- A. Characteristics of Tachyphylaxis.- 1. Dose and Time Dependence.- 2. Drug Specificity.- 3. Species and Tissue Specificity.- B. Occurrence of Tachyphylaxis to Angiotensin.- C. Mechanism of Tachyphylaxis.- 1. Possible Mechanisms for Production of Tachyphylaxis.- 2. Receptor Saturation and Agonist Destruction.- 3. Receptor Modification as a Mechanism for Tachyphylaxis Production.- 4. Transmitter Exhaustion and Tachyphylaxis.- 5. A Suggested Mechanism for Angiotensin Tachyphylaxis in Smooth Muscle.- References.- Immunogenicity and Antigenicity ol Angiotensin I and II.- Immunogenicity of Angiotensin I and II.- Antigenicity of Angiotensin I and II and their Analogues.- Discussion and Conclusion.- References.- Measurement of Renin and of Angiotensin (Extraction and Bioassay).- I. Angiotensin.- II. Methods for Measurement of "Renin".- a) Methods Proposed for Measurement of Plasma Renin Activity.- b) Plasma Renin Concentration (PRC).- c) Other Methods.- Discussion and Conclusion.- References.- Angiotensin Immunoassay.- Development of Antibodies to Angiotensin.- Labelled Angiotensin.- Angiotensin Standards.- The Standard Angiotensin Immunoassay Curve.- Angiotensin II: Immunoassay of Levels in Circulating Blood.- Estimation of Angiotensin II - Levels in Other Body Fluids.- Application of Angiotensin Immunoassay to the Measurement of Plasma Renin Activity.- 1. Angiotensin I Immunoassay.- 2. Angiotensin II Immunoassay in the Estimation of Renin Activity.- Other Renin Assays.- Angiotensin II Levels and Plasma Renin Activity in Various States.- Plasma Angiotensin II.- Plasma Angiotensin I Generation Rate in vitro (Plasma Renin Activity).- Renin-Angiotensin II Correlations.- Angiotensin I Levels in Human Plasma.- Conclusion.- References.- Bioassay of Angiotensin.- Methods of Measuring Rat Blood Pressure.- Isolated Organ Techniques.- Continuously Superfused, Blood-Bathed Organ Techniques.- Methods.- Limitations of the Methods.- Calculation of Assay Results.- Pressor Assay.- Myotropic Assay.- General Information on Programs.- Adrenal Medulla.- References.- Plasma of Serum Vasopressor Peptides Other than Angiotensins.- A. Peptides Formed by the Action of Pepsin.- I. Pepsitensin.- II. Oxytocic Peptide: Pepsitocin.- III. Antidiuretic Peptide: Pepsanurin.- B. Vasopressor Peptides Formed by the Action of Proteolytic Enzymes Other than Pepsin.- I. Effect of Proteinase in Alpha-Amylase Preparation.- II. Effect of Chymotrypsin.- C. Vasopressor Peptides Formed in Plasma or Serum by Acidification.- D. Vasopressor Albumin (VA) Formed in Plasma or Serum Incubated at 37 C at Normal pH for Several Hours (5-96) under Sterile Conditions.- E. Other Unidentified Components of Plasma with Vasopressor Activity.- References.- Primary Aldosteronism: Importance of the Level of Plasma Benin as an Adjunct in Diagnosis.- Background.- Methods which have been Employed for Estimating Renin Concentration in Primary Aldosteronism.- Hypokalemic Primary Aldosteronism.- Normokalemic Primary Aldosteronism.- "Idiopathic" Aldosteronism.- Low Renin in Essential Hypertension.- Comment.- References.- Secondary Hyperaldosteronism.- Abnormalities of the Renin-Angiotensin System.- Hypertension.- Malignant Hypertension.- Essential Hypertension.- Renal Hypertension.- Indeterminate Hyperaldosteronism.- Renin-Secreting Tumor.- Hypertension not Present.- Bartter's Syndrome.- Renal Disorders.- Pregnancy.- Estrogen Treatment.- Abnormalities of ACTH Secretion.- Abnormalities of Potassium Metabolism.- References.- Intermediary Metabolism of Aldosterone.- A. Biogenesis of Aldosterone.- 1. Functional Zonation of the Adrenal Cortex: Aldosterone Secretion by the Zona Glomerulosa.- 2. Aldosterone Biosynthetic Sequence.- 3. Alternative Pathways of Aldosterone Biosynthesis.- 4. Activation of Aldosterone Biosynthesis.- a) Angiotensin II.- b) ACTH.- c) Cyclic AMP.- d) Prostaglandins.- e) Potassium and other Monovalent Cations.- f) NADPH.- g) Serotonin.- B. Distribution and Metabolic Fate of Aldosterone.- C. The Biotransformation and Disposal of Aldosterone.- 1. Aldosterone-18-Glucuronide.- 2. Tetrahydroaldosterone.- D. Quantitative Aspects of the Intermediary Metabolism of Aldosterone.- 1. The Measurement of Aldosterone in Plasma.- 2. Urinary Aldosterone Metabolite Excretion per 24 h.- a) Measurement of Aldosterone-18-Glucuronide Excretion.- b) Urinary Tetrahydroaldosterone-3-Glucuronide.- 3.
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Determination of the Aldosterone Secretion Rate for a 24-h Period.- References.- The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Control of Aldosterone Secretion.- Evidence for an Aldosterone-Stimulating Hormone in the Control of Aldosterone Secretion.- Early Evidence on the Relation of the Kidney and Adrenal Cortex.- Discovery of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.- Evidence for the Renin-Angiotensin-System as a Primary Mechanism in the Control of Aldosterone Secretion.- 1. Pattern of Steroid Response to Angiotensin II.- 2. Direct Action of Angiotensin II on Adrenal Cortex.- 3. Effects of Nephrectomy and Saline Extracts of Kidneys in Experimental Secondary Aldosteronism.- 4. Effects of Prolonged Infusion of Angiotensin II.- 5. Evidence from Renal Renin Content, JG Cells and the Pressor Response to Angiotensin II.- 6. Effects of Antibodies to Renin Preparations on Aldosterone Secretion and Sodium Excretion.- 7. Plasma Renin Activity and Plasma Angiotensin II in Secondary Aldosteronism.- 8. Comparative Physiology of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.- A Negative Feedback Mechanism in the Control of Aldosterone Secretion.- The Renin-Angiotensin System in Various Types of Secondary Aldosteronism.- 1. Hemorrhage.- 2. Thoracic Caval Constriction.- 3. Congestive Heart Failure.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Aldosterone Regulation in Sodium Deficiency: Role of Ionic Factors and Angiotensin II.- A. Format.- B. Introduction.- C. Factors with Direct Action on Aldosterone Secretion.- 1. ACTH.- 2. Potassium.- 3. Renin-Angiotensin II.- 4. Sodium.- D. Interaction between Factors and Alteration of Adrenal Sensitivity.- E. Time Course of Action on Aldosterone Biosynthesis.- F. Biosynthetic Model.- G. Aldosterone Secretion in Response to Sodium Depletion.- H. The Renin-Angiotensin System.- J. Central Nervous Mechanisms Affecting Aldosterone Regulation.- K. Summary of Aldosterone Regulation in Sodium Deficiency.- References.- Effects of Aldosterone on Blood Pressure, Water, and Electrolytes.- Pharmacokinetics of Aldosterone.- Aldosterone and Blood-Pressure Regulation.- Blood-Pressure Raising Effect of Aldosterone and Other Mineralocorticoids.- Eclampsia-Like Syndrome.- Metacorticoid Hypertension.- Adrenal Regeneration Hypertension.- Effects of Hypertension on the Production and Secretion of Aldosterone.- Effects of Aldosterone on Electrolytes.- Chronic Effects of Aldosterone on Electrolytes.- Electrolyte Balance Studies.- Mechanism of Renal Sodium Escape.- The Renin-Angiotensin System and Sodium Escape.- Effect of Aldosterone on Calcium and Magnesium Balances.- Mechanism of Aldosterone Action on Electrolyte Transport.- Effect of Aldosterone on ATPase Activity.- Summary.- References.- Adrenal Medulla.- References.- Central Neurogenic Effects of Angiotensin.- Site of Action of Angiotensin in the Brain Stem.- Additional Sites of Action of Angiotensin in the Brain.- Hemodynamic Features of the Pressor Response to Administration of Angiotensin via the Vertebral Arteries.- Mode of Action of Angiotensin on the Brain Stem.- Summary.- References.- Peripheral Effects of Angiotensin on the Autonomic Nervous System.- Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Ganglia.- Cardiac Innervation.- Innervation of Peripheral Vasculature.- Production of Hypertension Through an Action on the Sympathetic Nervous System.- References.- Angiotensin on Vascular Smooth Muscle.- Direct and Indirect Action.- Tachyphylaxis and Autopotentiation.- Angiotensin Receptors.- Heterogeneity of Vascular Smooth Muscle in Its Responsiveness to Angiotensin.- Interventions that Alter the Angiotensin Response.- Electrolytes and the Mechanism of the Contractile Response to Angiotensin.- Summary.- References.- Circulatory Effects of Angiotensin.- I. Effects on the Heart.- A. Myocardial Contractility.- B. Heart Rate.- C. Cardiac Output.- II. Effects on Regional Blood Flow.- A. Coronary Circulation.- B. Pulmonary Circulation.- C. Splanchnic Circulation.- D. Cerebral Circulation.- E. Other Vascular Beds.- III. Effects on Systemic Circulation.- A. Venous System.- B. Arterial Pressure.- References.- Effects of Angiotensin on the Renal Circulation.- I. General Effects of Angiotensin on Renal Hemodynamics.- II. Effects of Small Doses on Renal Blood Flow, Glomerular Filtration Rate and Urine Flow.- 1. Effects of Intravenous Infusions.- 2. Effects of Intra-Arterial Infusion of Angiotensin I and II.- 3. Effect of Angiotensin on Renal Autoregulation.- III. Factors Modifying Renal Response to Angiotensin.- 1. Effect of Anesthesia.- 2. Role of the Autonomic Nerves.- 3. Effect of Dose on Sustained Vascular Response.- 4. Interrelationships between Arterial Pressure, Pressor Responses to Angiotensin and Renal Responses to Angiotensin.- IV. Influence of the Level of Salt Intake on Renal Responses to Angiotensin.- V. Natriuretic Effects of High Doses of Angiotensin.- 1. Time Related Nature of Diuretic Response.- 2. Factors Influencing Diuretic Responses to Angiotensin.- 3. Direct Evidence of the Tubular Effect of Angiotensin.- VI. Angiotensin Effects on Isolated Tissues.- VII. Alterations in Intrarenal Hemodynamics with Angiotensin.- 1. Comparative Effects of Angiotensin on Renal and Other Vascular Beds...- 2. Changes in Segmental Renal Vascular Resistance.- 3. Changes in Regional Intrarenal Vascular Resistance and Intrarenal Distribution of Renal Blood Flow.- VIII. Effect of Sodium Balance, Renin Content of the Kidneys, Pregnancy, Hypertension, and Cirrhosis on the Renal Response to Angiotensin.- 1. Sodium Balance.- 2. Renal Artery Stenosis.- 3. Hypertensive Patients.- 4. Hepatic Cirrhosis.- 5. Pregnancy.- IX. Resume.- References.- Intrarenal Action of Angiotensin.- Location of the Enzymes of the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Kidney.- Intrarenal Formation of Angiotensin II.- The Action of Angiotensin on Tubular Resorption of Sodium.- Angiotensin: Its Role in the Tubulo-Glomerular Feedback Mechanism.- References.- Morphological Effects of Angiotensin on Arteries.- Vessel Changes.- A. Aorta and Major Branches.- B. Small Arteries.- 1. Mesentery and Intestine.- 2. Renal Vessels.- 3. Rabbit Ear Chamber.- C. Afferent Arterioles and Juxtaglomerular Apparatus.- Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Vascular Damage.- A. Role of Angiotensin.- B. Mechanical Factors.- 1. Distension.- 2. Vascular Dynamics.- 3. Hypertension.- Summary.- References.- Effects of Angiotensin II on the Permeability of the Vascular Wall.- Endothelial Cell Contraction.- Effects of Angiotensin II in Other Vascular Cells.- Role of Platelets.- References.- Biochemical Effects of Angiotensin.- I. Effects on Intact Organisms.- II. Effects in Vitro.- A. Effects on Intact Tissues.- B. Effects on Subcellular Fractions.- 1. Receptors.- 2. Microsomes.- C. Mitochondria.- D. Effects on Miscellaneous Chemicals.- Discussion.- References.- Some Possible Functions of Angiotensin.- Author Index.
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F Merlin Bumpus
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Irvine H Page
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